[In a separate dissent, Thomas insisted that the high court's majority got it wrong.
The
legendary conservative justice argued that while Congress may not delegate its "core legislative power," it may delegate (and many times has delegated) enumerated powers such as the tariff-making power.
"Because the Constitution assigns Congress many powers that do not implicate the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may delegate the exercise of many powers to the President. Congress has done so repeatedly since the founding, with this Court's blessing," Thomas wrote. "The power to impose duties on imports can be delegated."
In 2025,
Trump invoked IEEPA as a statutory justification for his sweeping tariffs.
Crucially, IEEPA's Sec. 203 authorized the president to "investigate, regulate, direct and compel, nullify, void, prevent or prohibit, any acquisition, holding, withholding, use, transfer, withdrawal, transportation, importation or exportation of, or dealing in, or exercising any right, power, or privilege with respect to, or transactions involving, any property in which any foreign country or a national thereof has any interest; by any person, or with respect to any property, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States."
Assuming one could even imagine a broader delegation of emergency powers, one wonders if human language could express it.
Indeed, both Thomas and Justice
Brett Kavanaugh placed proper emphasis on the words "regulate" and "importation."
"I join Justice Kavanaugh's principal dissent in full," Thomas began. "As he explains,
the Court's decision today cannot be justified as a matter of statutory interpretation. Congress authorized the president to "regulate...importation."
Moreover -- and here lies the key -- "
[t]hroughout American history, the authority to 'regulate importation' has been understood to include the authority to impose duties on imports."]